Capacitive distance sensing in semiconductor processing tools

ABSTRACT

A wireless sensor includes at least one capacitive plate for sensing a distance relative to an object of interest within a semiconductor-processing environment. The sensor includes an internal power source and wireless communication such that distance and/or parallelism measurements effected using the capacitive plate(s) can be provided wirelessly to an external device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is based on and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/775,308, filed Feb. 21, 2006, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/775,394, filed Feb. 21, 2006, the contents of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

COPYRIGHT RESERVATION

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

During the manufacture of semiconductor wafers and/or LCD panels, such as are used in flat panel television sets, a substrate is exposed to gas in which an electrically generated plasma is formed. The gas enters from a “showerhead” like fixture positioned above the substrate, which also functions as one of the electrodes to form the plasma. In order to maximize yield, it is important that the distance from the showerhead to the substrate be consistent across the entire substrate surface. In other words, it is important that the plane of the substrate surface and the plane of the showerhead be parallel. It is, accordingly, very important in the setup of the semiconductor processing tool where the process takes place that the relative positions of the showerhead and substrate, or the “platen” that holds the substrate, be adjusted to be parallel. This requires the ability to measure the relative positions of the showerhead and substrate, particularly, the distance between them at various points, which can yield a measure the parallelism of the two.

One way that such distance/parallelism measurements have been performed in the past was by using a measurement device that was placed on the platen under the showerhead. Such measurement devices typically included compressible internal springs. The measurement device would rest on the platen and contact the showerhead, and be compressed as the showerhead was lowered. In the lowered state of the showerhead, the thickness of the measurement device at any point is the distance between the platen and the showerhead. Measuring equipment inside the measurement device would measure the thickness of the device, thereby measuring the distance from the platen to the showerhead. Measurements thus made at multiple points between the platen and the showerhead were able to provide an overall measure of parallelism of the platen and showerhead. However, such a device, in its uncompressed state, was generally larger than the nominal distance between the platen and the showerhead. Accordingly, it was necessary to compress the measurement device before placing the device on the platen, or else the showerhead would have to be removed first. Additionally, these measurement devices generally provided information relative to the parallelism using a cable that ran out of the semiconductor processing chamber door to a display device. The cable was flat and able to pass through the door even when the door was closed, as it is necessary that the measurements are made, and adjustments performed, when the processing chamber is closed. The cable was generally prone to failure because it passed through and was compressed in the seal of the door.

Accordingly, there was a need to perform the measurement and data display without cable. More recently, techniques for sensing conditions within a substrate processing system using wireless communication have been developed. U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,816 reports a method for sensing conditions within a substrate processing system. That reference discloses the ability to sense a variety of conditions within the processing system. The reference also provides a distance probe which can ensure that the wafer surfaces are both parallel to and at the proper distance from the target or showerhead of the process chamber. The distance probe is disclosed to include contacting sensors or electro-optical sensors arranged at a number of locations on the surface of the probe platform to determine the distance from and angle of inclination between the probe and the target or showerhead. While such advances have assisted in the setup and operation of the semiconductor processing tools, the provision of the extremely low-profile distance sensor has been lacking.

Yet another problem with respect to the adjustment of parallelism of a platen with respect to a showerhead of a semiconductor processing tool is the requirement that a technician monitor from three to eight individual distance measurements while adjusting the orientation and elevation of the platen relative to the showerhead or target. It was generally not practical to provide platen or showerheads or targets that were perfectly flat, so it was generally not possible to adjust the platen so that all of the distance measurements were the same. Accordingly, a technician's judgment was relied upon to determine when the adjustments were “good enough.”

Accordingly, there exists a continuing need for extremely low-profile distance/parallelism sensing within a semiconductor processing tool, as well as better methods for automatically measuring and adjusting the distance between the platen and showerhead of a semiconductor-processing tool.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A wireless sensor includes at least one capacitive plate for sensing a distance relative to an object of interest within a semiconductor-processing environment. The sensor includes an internal power source and wireless communication such that distance and/or parallelism measurements effected using the capacitive plate(s) can be provided wirelessly to an external device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of sensing distance to an object of interest using capacitance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of sensing distance to an object of interest using capacitance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a sensor scheme to sense distance to an object of interest using capacitance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a sensor disposed upon a platen and sensing distance to a showerhead using capacitance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a sensor for sensing a distance between a first surface and a second surface by measuring capacitance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of circuitry for providing a capacitive-based distance measurement relative to an object of interest in a semiconductor processing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary user interface displaying inclination information obtained from a capacitive distance sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with various aspects of the present invention, capacitance is sensed as an indication of a distance between two objects. More specifically, a device in accordance with embodiments of the present invention generally includes at least one capacitive plate that forms a capacitor with another conductive object, the capacitance of which varies as a function of the distance between the plate and the object. Capacitance-based sensing is a known technique for determining the distance from a sensor to the surface of an object. Generally, the surface of the object is conductive and a low impedance signal path exists between the object and the “ground” of the sensing surface. Thus, the complete circuit includes the sensing device, the low impedance signal path between the object and the sensing device, the object, and the capacitor formed between the object and the sensing device. The capacitance is a function of the separation between the object and the sensor, and this fact allows the separation to be determined from the measured capacitance. In many cases, the low-impedance signal path between the sensing device and the object may consist of capacitance that exists between the object and the surrounding environment and between the sensing device and the surrounding environment. When this capacitance is large enough, or when there is a direct conductive connection, the impedance has minimal effects on the measured capacitance. In the case that the ground path impedance is relatively large, this method is not useful because the ground path impedance is added to the impedance of capacitance to be measured so that an accurate measure of capacitance is not possible.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, capacitance between a capacitive plate of a sensor and an object of interest is measured regardless of the impedance of the signal path between the object and the ground of the sensor.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a capacitance-based distance sensor that includes two plates 10, 12 on a surface (not shown) facing object 14. Typically, object 14 is flat on surface 16 facing plates 10 and 12. Capacitors C₁ and C₂ exist between plates 10, 12 and surface 16 of object 14, respectively. If surface 16 of object 14 is conductive, capacitors C₁ and C₂ are in series electrically. Capacitors C₁ and C₂ are treated as one equivalent capacitor by sensing circuitry 18 which measures the capacitance. The measured capacitance is a function of the separation between the sensor having capacitance plates 10 and 12, and surface 16 of object 14. When all other factors are accounted for, the measured capacitance can be converted into a measure of separation.

In order to make the measurement, a voltage differential is applied to plates 10, 12 of the sensor, and the amount of charge that is conducted between plates 10, 12 as a result of the voltage is measured. One way of doing this is with a specially-modified sigma-delta modulator circuit (a known type of analog-to-digital converter), one example of which is provided under the trade designation AD7745 available from Analog Devices Inc. This type of circuit works by applying a difference voltage to plates 10, 12. The voltage causes current to flow to charge the capacitor (or equivalent capacitor) and this charge is accumulated and measured by the circuit in the device. However, object 14 presents a third path in which charge can flow, that is, in addition to the current flow to and from plates 10, 12 of the equivalent capacitor. Accordingly, current can also flow from object 14 to circuitry 18 via the body or housing of the sensor (not shown in FIG. 1) and so via the circuit ground. This conductive path is illustrated in FIG. 2 as current I3. Currents I1 and I2 are the currents caused by charging the capacitor or equivalent capacitor, and I1 would equal I2 in the absence in the third current path I3. Current I3 is the current that may flow between the object and the ground of circuitry 18. Current I3 is unknown, because the impedance of the path is unknown, and reduces the validity of the measurement of I1 and/or I2, or can render the measurement impossible, depending upon the impedance of the third path.

In order to provide an accurate measurement of capacitance, one embodiment of the present invention effectively eliminates the flow of charge in this third path. This is done by the choice of voltages applied to plates 10 and 12. The difference voltage from the sigma-delta modulator circuit is applied such that it is positive on one plate and negative on the other plate, relative to the body of the sensor. The ratio of the magnitude of the two voltages is the same as the ratio of impedance of the two capacitors, or the inverse of the ratio of capacitance of the two capacitors. This is possible because even though the capacitors are variable with separation, the ratio of the capacitors remains the same. The ratio is determined by the surface areas of plates 10, 12. The result of the voltage ratio being proportional to the impedance ratio is that the same amount of charge is moved in each capacitor, and therefore no charge flows in the third path. This means that the third path, that is, any connection or capacitive coupling between the object and the sensor, has no effect on the measurement, and the measurement can be made regardless of the connection or lack of connection between the object 14 and the sensor 18.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a capacitance based distance sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Sensor 20 includes an external case or housing 22 containing measurement circuitry 18. Measurement circuitry 18 is coupled to each of capacitance plates 10 and 12. More particularly, circuitry 18 is preferably a sigma-delta modulator circuit sold under the trade designation AD7745 available from Analog Device Inc. As indicated in FIG. 3, circuitry 18 includes a CIN+ line that is electrically coupled to capacitive plate 10. Additionally, circuitry 18 includes an EXCA line that is electrically coupled to capacitive plate 12. It is important to note that FIG. 3 shows a line 24 extending between capacitance plates 10 and 12. Line 24 is merely intended to indicate a continuation of external case 22, and not an electrical connection between capacitance plates 10 and 12. Circuitry 18 provides an excitation voltage on line EXCA, which excitation voltage has an amplitude that varies over time as a square wave. Capacitive plate 10 is coupled to sensing input CIN+. The voltage on plate 10 remains at zero volts with respect to circuit ground 26. The excitation voltage is divided by a voltage divider set at the ratio of the impedance of the capacitors, and buffered, and drives the external case 22 which surrounds the entire circuit except capacitive plates 10, 12. The circuitry of device 20 is powered internally, such as by a battery, illustrated diagrammatically as source 28. The result is that, as seen from outside sensor 20, case 22 is the apparent circuit ground for reference voltage, and one plate goes positive relative to case 22 while the other plate goes negative. Under these conditions, an accurate measurement of separation between sensor 20 and an object is possible. While the embodiments of the invention illustrated with respect to FIGS. 1-3 shows a pair of capacitive plates, any number of two or more plates can be used.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, capacitance-based sensing is used in a sensor to sense distance and/or parallelism between a platen and a showerhead in a semiconductor-processing chamber. FIG. 4 illustrates capacitive-base sensing device 100 including a plurality of capacitive plates 102, 104. Device 100 is shown resting upon platen 106 and senses the distance d between top surface 108 of sensor 100 and bottom surface 110 of showerhead 112. As illustrated in FIG. 4, each of plates 102 and 104 form respective capacitors with surface 110 of showerhead 112. Sensor 100 can take any suitable form, and is preferably embodied within a physical package that resembles substrates that are processed by the system. Thus, for a semiconductor processing system, sensor 100 represents a semiconductor wafer or LCD flat panel. While sensor 100 measures distance d as a function of the capacitance observed using plates 102 and 104, the actual distance between platen 106 and surface 110 of showerhead 112 can easily be computed by sensor 100 merely by adding the thickness of sensor 100 to the measured distance d.

While embodiments of the present invention listed thus far generally sense distance to the object or showerhead directly, embodiments also include extending a surface of the sensor to contact the showerhead, and employing the capacitance to measure a distance of the extension.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of such an expandable sensor. Sensor 200 resembles sensor 20 described with respect to FIG. 3, and like components are numbered similarly. The housing of sensor 200 differs from housing 22 of sensor 20 in that housing 202 accommodates an expandable portion 204 that is expandable to allow surface 206 to move in the direction indicated by arrow 208. Within sensor 200, and proximate surface 206, capacitive plate 210 is mounted so as to form a capacitor with capacitive plate 12. The capacitor so formed is illustrated diagrammatically as C_(v). Surface 206 of sensor 200 is movable by actuator 212 that is operably coupled to surface 206 as indicated at line 214. Actuator 212 can be any suitable device that is able to generate suitable motion of surface 206 based upon an energization or command signal. Suitable examples of actuator 212 employ utilization of magnetic, electric, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, mechanical and/or pneumatic techniques. For example, actuator 212 may simply include a small electric motor that engages a mechanism to drive surface 206 in one direction or the other. Alternatively, actuator 212 may include an electromagnet, a permanent magnet, or any combination thereof to selectively drive surface into or away from a showerhead surface. Actuator 212 is coupled to a controller (not illustrated in FIG. 5) and provides actuation based upon commands or signals received from the controller. Once actuator 212 drives surface 206 into contact with the showerhead, circuitry 18 senses capacitance C_(v) between plates 12 and 210. The sensed capacitance is indicative of the distance between plates 12 and 210. Then, knowing the relative position of plate 12 fixed within sensor 200, the total distance from surface 206 to the bottom surface 216 of case 202 can be provided. Additionally, the sensed distance can be validated, in some embodiments, by comparing the computed distance with commands sent to, or otherwise provided to actuator 212. For example, if actuator 212 is a stepper motor that engages a mechanism to raise or lower surface 206, the number of counts or pulses sent to the stepper motor can be compared with the sensed distance. While the precision of the sensed distance may be much greater than that otherwise available from actuator 212, the mere agreement of the two values may provide important validation.

Alternatively, actuation may be effected by ambient pressure in the following manner. In this embodiment case 202 is hermetically sealed, with the inside cavity being filled with air or an appropriate gas at a reduced pressure less than atmospheric pressure. When the sensor is placed in an atmospheric condition the external air pressure exceeds the internal pressure and causes the sensor to be compressed. When the sensor is placed in a low pressure or vacuum, the internal pressure exceeds the external pressure, causing case 202 to expand to it's maximum height or until it contacts the showerhead. In a sense the actuator is the gas sealed within the hermetic enclosure and the signal to cause actuation is the reduced external air pressure.

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of electronic circuitry within a capacitive-based sensing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Portion 300 preferably includes circuit board 302 upon which a number of electrical components are mounted. Specifically, battery 342 is preferably mounted on circuit board 302 and coupled to controller 344 via power management module 346. Preferably, power management module 346 is a power management integrated circuit available from Linear Technology Corporation under the trade designation LTC3443. Controller 344 is preferably a microprocessor available from Texas Instruments under the trade designation MSC1211Y5. Controller 344 is coupled to memory module 348 which can take the form of any type of memory, including memory that is internal to the controller as well as memory that is external to the controller. The preferred controller includes internal SRAM, flash RAM, and Boot ROM. Memory module 348 also preferably includes external flash memory having a size of 64K×8. Flash memory is useful for storing such non-volatile data as programs, calibration data and/or other non-changing data as may be required. The internal random access memory is useful for storing volatile data relevant to program operation.

Controller 344 also preferably includes a number of suitable input output/ports 358, 360. These ports are preferably serial ports that facilitate communication between controller 344 and additional devices. Specifically, serial port 358 is coupled to radio-frequency module 362 such that controller 344 is communicatively coupled with external devices via radio-frequency module 362. In one preferred embodiment, radio-frequency module 362 operates in accordance with the well-known Bluetooth standard, Bluetooth core specification version 1.1 (Feb. 22, 2001), available from the Bluetooth SIG (www.bluetooth.com). One example of module 362 is available from Mitsumi under the trade designation WMLC40. Additionally, other forms of wireless communication can be used in addition or instead of module 362. Suitable examples of such wireless communication include any other form of radio-frequency communication, acoustic communication, infrared communication or even communication employing magnetic induction. FIG. 6 shows one or more capacitive plates diagrammatically at block 364, which is coupled to measurement circuitry 18 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Preferably, one or more capacitance plates are operably disposed to sense one or more distances relative to an object of interest in a semiconductor processing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Additionally, embodiments of the present invention can employ other suitable sensors as may be desired. Examples of additional sensors include thermometers, accelerometers, inclinometers, compasses (magnetic field direction detectors), light detectors, pressure detectors, electric field strength detectors, magnetic field strength detectors, acoustic detectors, humidity detectors, chemical moiety activity detectors, or any other type of detector as may be appropriate.

In operation, controller 344 interacts with measurement circuitry 18, which preferably includes a known sigma-delta analog-digital converter to determine one or more capacitance values. The capacitance values, as described above, are indicative of a distance between the sensor and an object of interest within a semiconductor-processing tool. Additionally, or alternatively, the sensed capacitance may be indicative of a distance of extension required by the sensor to contact the object of interest. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a number of such capacitive plates and/or extension sensors can be used to simultaneously, or successively, obtain or otherwise measure distance(s) between the sensor and an object of interest at various locations on the object of interest. In this regard, the distance measurements can be used to provide an indication of parallelism. Accordingly, when the sensor rests upon a platen, the multiple distance measurements provide an indication of parallelism of the platen itself relative to the showerhead. If parallelism itself were the only quantity of interest, the various capacitance measurements themselves could be compared with one another to directly provide an indication of parallelism. However, if knowledge of the distance from the platen to the showerhead is also desired, a priori information stored within memory 348 is used by controller 344 to calculate the distance. For example, in embodiments where the capacitive plates are disposed on a top surface of the sensor, the distance from the sensor to the showerhead is added to the thickness of the sensor itself by controller 344 to provide an overall distance from the platen to the showerhead.

The distance and/or parallelism information can be conveyed electronically to a device remote from the sensor such that the information can be effectively provided to a technician or other interested party. The manner in which the distance and/or parallelism information is presented to the user can vary widely. However, FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a graphical user interface 400 graphically depicting relative inclination in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Interface 400 can display the relative position or parallelism, or relative angle of the surfaces graphically, numerically, or both. The degree of parallelism may be indicated numerically, or by the use of a bubble-level metaphor, as illustrated in FIG. 7, which shows a small circle 402 positioned within a larger circle 404. The position of circle 402 within circle 404 illustrates, in two dimensions, the relative inclination of the surface to which the sensor is exposed. When the surfaces are parallel in both dimensions, circle 402 is centered within circle 404. Otherwise, circle 402 is shown to one side of center, indicating the side where the surfaces are farthest apart, with the distance of small circle 402 from the center of large circle 404 indicating the relative inclination of the surfaces. In this case there may be selectable scaling of the relative inclination. For example, box 406 within window 408 shows the relative size of window 410 for scaling purposes. Thus, as inclination becomes more and more pronounced, the distance of circle 402 from the center of circle 404 is window 408 may become extreme, but the relative size of circles 412 and 414 will remain the same with the size of box 406 varying accordingly.

An alternate method of displaying relative inclination provides a circle with a color gradient across the circle. The direction of the gradient indicates the direction of maximum inclination, which may also be indicated by a superimposed line, and the degree of the gradient indicating the relative inclination. For example, in the case of a severe inclination the colors may range from yellow to blue (depending on the color spectrum that is chosen), while a minor inclination may be displayed as a gradient from orange to red. When the surfaces are parallel, the color is uniform, with no gradient. Again, scaling may be selected.

A user or technician of interface 400 can utilize the information provided therein to make informed judgments with respect to machine adjustments during the setup of semiconductor processing tool. For example, the technician can adjust various mechanical settings on the platen to raise or lower certain portions in order to correctly set the distance from the platen to the showerhead as well as the parallelism of the platen and showerhead. Additionally, or alternatively, the inclination information determined by the sensor can be provided directly to a control system within the semiconductor processing tool, or other suitable machinery, to automatically engage mechanical features of the platen to thereby raise or lower certain portions to automatically set distance and/or parallelism. In this manner, at least some semiconductor processing adjustments could be performed automatically based upon wireless information conveyed from the capacitive distance sensor.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A non-contact sensor for sensing a distance between a platen and a conductive showerhead of a semiconductor processing chamber, the sensor comprising: a housing resting on the platen; a power source disposed within the housing; wireless communication circuitry coupled to the power source; a controller coupled to wireless communication circuitry and to the power source; a plurality of capacitive plates forming capacitors, each having a capacitance that corresponds to a distance between the platen and the conductive showerhead; measurement circuitry coupled to the controller and the plurality of capacitive plates, the measurement circuitry applying excitation voltages of substantially equal magnitude, but opposite polarity to the plurality of capacitive plates, measuring the capacitance of each capacitor and providing an indication thereof to the controller; and wherein the controller provides a distance and parallelism indication relative to the platen and conductive showerhead based at least in part upon the measured capacitances.
 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the plurality of capacitive plates is an even number of capacitive plates.
 3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein a first half of the even number of capacitive plates are driven to a positive excitation voltage, and the other half of the even positive number of capacitive plates are driven to a negative excitation voltage.
 4. The sensor of claim 2, wherein a first capacitive plate is disposed within the housing and is coupled to a surface that is extendable to the showerhead, and a second capacitive plate is fixed within the housing, and wherein a capacitor is fowled between the first and second plates, the capacitor having a capacitance that corresponds to the degree to which the surface is extended.
 5. The sensor of claim 4, and further comprising an actuator coupled to the controller to provide a selectable degree of extension.
 6. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the even number is
 2. 7. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the measurement circuitry includes a sigma-delta modulator.
 8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the indication is provided in a user interface depicting a bubble-like metaphor.
 9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the wireless communication circuitry is radio-frequency communication circuitry.
 10. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the controller computes the distance between the two surfaces based upon the measured capacitance and a known fixed offset distance between the at least one capacitive plate and the first surface.
 11. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor is embodied within a physical package that is similar to substrates that are processed by the processing chamber.
 12. A sensor for sensing a distance to an object of interest within a semiconductor processing chamber, the sensor comprising: a housing; a power source disposed within the housing; wireless communication circuitry coupled to the power source; a controller coupled to wireless communication circuitry and to the power source; an even number of capacitive plates configured to form a capacitor having a capacitance that varies with the distance, wherein a first capacitive plate is coupled to a surface that is extendable to the object of interest, and a second capacitive plate is fixed within the housing, wherein a capacitor is formed between the first and second plates, the capacitor having a capacitance that varies with the degree to which the surface is extended, and wherein the sensor is hermetically sealed and the surface that is extendable to the object of interest is compressed, or expanded, in response to atmospheric pressure, or lack thereof, external to the sensor; and measurement circuitry coupled to the controller and to the at least one capacitive plate, the measurement circuitry being configured to measure the capacitance and provide an indication thereof to the controller, wherein the controller is configured to provide an indication relative to the object based at least in part upon the measured capacitance.
 13. A method of sensing distance and parallelism between a platen and a conductive showerhead within a semiconductor processing chamber, the method comprising: bringing a plurality of capacitive plates into proximity with a first surface of the conductive showerhead while resting on the platen; applying excitation voltages of substantially equal magnitude, but opposite polarity to the plurality of capacitive plates; sensing the effective capacitance between the plurality of capacitive plates and the conductive showerhead; and wirelessly providing an indication relative to the distance and parallelism based at least in part upon the measured capacitance.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the parallelism is depicted as a bubble-like metaphor. 